Available Formats
Download 3-column Excel Spreadsheet	Download 4-Column Raw HTML Table	Download Final ConCom Release PDF File

This document contains all sections of the 1987 Constitution and the Draft Provisions created by the Consultative Committee to Review the 1987 Constitution (led by Justice Reynato Puno). The body of this document is contained in the two links, above: one for an Excel spreadsheet, and another as raw HTML, intended to help other bloggers to put this table onto their own sites. Both are absolutely free to use, as they contain public domain text. The Javascript used to generate the table of contents and other effects on this page is also free to use, as I am releasing it on the public domain.

You do not need to contact me to obtain permission to use them for your own purposes.

Comparable Articles and Sections are laid out side-by-side, to help readers identify differences between the documents. To preserve the order of Sections and Articles in the 1987 Constitution, the sections of the Draft Provisions may be reordered, or else a small note in green text is inserted pointing the reader to the appropriate Section within the same document. Notes are also inserted where Sections in the Draft Provisions are moved to an Article with a different number from that in the 1987 Constitution This reordering, for example in the section on National Economy and Patrimony may be slightly confusing; as may the presence of gaps. I hope this doesn’t detract from the usefulness of the format, intended for the purpose of locating document changes.

The Transitory Provisions enumerate transition-specific acts, and are an exception to the placement rule (match where comparable). The columns are to be treated as independent lists; sections in the Transitory Provisions are unrelated between the 1987 Constitution and the Draft Provisions.

Red entries in the table of contents identify new Articles.

You can log in to Facebook to comment on this document.

– – –

Note that there is no editorial content on this page – there is no discussion comparing the changes – so I’ve attached no commentary to the tables, not least because there’s a lot to take in. This is because I have no experience in reading the Constitution as a whole – as a document with a logic to it’s parts, and a history and reason for each sparsely worded section. There are risks to making editorial comments on documents like our Constitution and this Draft Proposal, of being utterly wrong in either my own assumptions or biases, and in my conclusions, and of thus misleading others about what is at stake.

I refuse to make that mistake.

On the other hand, putting these documents side-by-side might be mistaken for endorsement of this alternative to the 1987 Constitution. This is not an endorsement of the Consultative Committee’s work.

I most emphatically do not endorse either the Draft, or the way in which it was crafted. If anything, the fact that a private citizen published this – and that it is received with apparent interest two years after the transition was promised by PDP-Laban – should remind us that Filipino leaders, and this government, have a duty to inform the public about the vision that inspires this proposal. Justice Reynato Puno understands this well, and has campaigned long and hard, alongside many others, to pursue this dream. It is not clear that today’s politicians share that understanding.

A national dialogue on the vision behind this proposal – that is what citizens need to have with each other, across partisan divides. The depth of the changes in our Constitution cannot be accepted as fait accompli.

Demand that media and State officials analyze and discuss these documents with the depth both documents deserve. A certain wariness of trapo motives is strongly warranted these days.

Preamble

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.	We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, to build a permanent and indissoluble nation and establish a just, humane, united, and progressive society under a government that shall embody our shared ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution of the Federal Republic of the Philippines.	We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, to build a permanent and indissoluble nation and establish a just, humane, united, and progressive society under a government that shall embody our shared ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution of the Federal Republic of the Philippines.	We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, to build a permanent and indissoluble nation and establish a just, humane, united, and progressive society under a government that shall embody our shared ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution of the Federal Republic of the Philippines.

Article I
National Territory

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.	SECTION 1. The Philippines has sovereignty over its territory, consisting of the islands and waters encompassed by its archipelagic baselines, its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the continental shelf, and its airspace. It has sovereignty over islands and features outside its archipelagic baselines pursuant to the laws of the Federal Republic, the law of nations and the judgments of competent international courts or tribunals. It likewise has sovereignty over other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic right or legal title.	SECTION 1. The Philippines has sovereignty over its territory, consisting of the islands and waters encompassed by its archipelagic baselines, its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the continental shelf, and its airspace. It has sovereignty over islands and features outside its archipelagic baselines pursuant to the laws of the Federal Republic, the law of nations, and the judgments of competent international courts or tribunals. It likewise has sovereignty over other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic right or legal title.	SECTION 1. The Philippines has sovereignty over its territory, consisting of the islands and waters encompassed by its archipelagic baselines, its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, and its airspace. It has sovereignty over islands and features outside its archipelagic baselines pursuant to the laws of the Federal Republic, the law of nations, and the judgments of competent international courts or tribunals. It likewise has sovereignty over other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic right or legal title.
	SECTION 2. The Philippines has sovereign rights over that maritime expanse beyond its territorial sea to the extent reserved to it by international law, as well as over its extended continental shelf, including the Philippine Rise. Its citizens shall enjoy the right to all resources within these areas.	SECTION 2. The Philippines has sovereign rights over that maritime expanse beyond its territorial sea to the extent reserved to it by international law, as well as over its extended continental shelf, including the Philippine Rise. Its citizens shall enjoy the right to all resources within these areas.	SECTION 2. The Philippines has sovereign rights over that maritime expanse beyond its territorial sea to the extent reserved to it by international law, as well as over its extended continental shelf, including the Philippine Rise. Its citizens shall enjoy the right to all resources within these areas.

Article II
Declaration of Principles
and State Policies

Article III
Bill of Rights

Article IV
Citizenship

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:	SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:	SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:	SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;	(a) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;	(a) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;	(a) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;
(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;	(b) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;	(b) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;	(b) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
(3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and	(c) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and	(c) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and	(c) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and
(4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.	(d) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law	(d) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.	(d) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
SECTION 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.	SECTION 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (c), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural born citizens.	SECTION 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (c), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.	SECTION 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (c), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens.
SECTION 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.	SECTION 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.	SECTION 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.	SECTION 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law.
SECTION 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.	SECTION 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.	SECTION 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.	SECTION 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission, they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it.
SECTION 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.	SECTION 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.	SECTION 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.	SECTION 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.

Article V
Suffrage

New Article:
People’s Initiative, Plebiscite,
and Referendum

The Legislative Department

Executive Department

Judicial Department

Constitutional Commissions

Article X
Local Government

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
General Provisions
SECTION 1. The territorial and political subdivisions of the Republic of the Philippines are the provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays. There shall be autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras as hereinafter provided.
SECTION 2. The territorial and political subdivisions shall enjoy local autonomy.
SECTION 3. The Congress shall enact a local government code which shall provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of the local units.
SECTION 4. The President of the Philippines shall exercise general supervision over local governments. Provinces with respect to component cities and municipalities, and cities and municipalities with respect to component barangays shall ensure that the acts of their component units are within the scope of their prescribed powers and functions.
SECTION 5. Each local government unit shall have the power to create its own sources of revenues and to levy taxes, fees, and charges subject to such guidelines and limitations as the Congress may provide, consistent with the basic policy of local autonomy. Such taxes, fees, and charges shall accrue exclusively to the local governments.
SECTION 6. Local government units shall have a just share, as determined by law, in the national taxes which shall be automatically released to them.
SECTION 7. Local governments shall be entitled to an equitable share in the proceeds of the utilization and development of the national wealth within their respective areas, in the manner provided by law, including sharing the same with the inhabitants by way of direct benefits.
SECTION 8. The term of office of elective local officials, except barangay officials, which shall be determined by law, shall be three years and no such official shall serve for more than three consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.
SECTION 9. Legislative bodies of local governments shall have sectoral representation as may be prescribed by law.
SECTION 10. No province, city, municipality, or barangay may be created, divided, merged, abolished, or its boundary substantially altered, except in accordance with the criteria established in the Local Government Code and subject to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite in the political units directly affected.
SECTION 11. The Congress may, by law, create special metropolitan political subdivisions, subject to a plebiscite as set forth in Section 10 hereof. The component cities and municipalities shall retain their basic autonomy and shall be entitled to their own local executives and legislative assemblies. The jurisdiction of the metropolitan authority that will hereby be created shall be limited to basic services requiring coordination.
SECTION 12. Cities that are highly urbanized, as determined by law, and component cities whose charters prohibit their voters from voting for provincial elective officials, shall be independent of the province. The voters of component cities within a province, whose charters contain no such prohibition, shall not be deprived of their right to vote for elective provincial officials.
SECTION 13. Local government units may group themselves, consolidate or coordinate their efforts, services, and resources for purposes commonly beneficial to them in accordance with law.
SECTION 14. The President shall provide for regional development councils or other similar bodies composed of local government officials, regional heads of departments and other government offices, and representatives from non-governmental organizations within the regions for purposes of administrative decentralization to strengthen the autonomy of the units therein and to accelerate the economic and social growth and development of the units in the region.
Autonomous Region
SECTION 15. There shall be created autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and in the Cordilleras consisting of provinces, cities, municipalities, and geographical areas sharing common and distinctive historical and cultural heritage, economic and social structures, and other relevant characteristics within the framework of this Constitution and the national sovereignty as well as territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines.
SECTION 16. The President shall exercise general supervision over autonomous regions to ensure that the laws are faithfully executed.
SECTION 17. All powers, functions, and responsibilities not granted by this Constitution or by law to the autonomous regions shall be vested in the National Government.
SECTION 18. The Congress shall enact an organic act for each autonomous region with the assistance and participation of the regional consultative commission composed of representatives appointed by the President from a list of nominees from multisectoral bodies. The organic act shall define the basic structure of government for the region consisting of the executive department and legislative assembly, both of which shall be elective and representative of the constituent political units. The organic acts shall likewise provide for special courts with personal, family, and property law jurisdiction consistent with the provisions of this Constitution and national laws.
The creation of the autonomous region shall be effective when approved by majority of the votes cast by the constituent units in a plebiscite called for the purpose, provided that only provinces, cities, and geographic areas voting favorably in such plebiscite shall be included in the autonomous region.
SECTION 19. The first Congress elected under this Constitution shall, within eighteen months from the time of organization of both Houses, pass the organic acts for the autonomous regions in Muslim Mindanao and the Cordilleras.
SECTION 20. Within its territorial jurisdiction and subject to the provisions of this Constitution and national laws, the organic act of autonomous regions shall provide for legislative powers over:
(1) Administrative organization;
(2) Creation of sources of revenues;
(3) Ancestral domain and natural resources;
(4) Personal, family, and property relations;
(5) Regional urban and rural planning development;
(6) Economic, social, and tourism development;
(7) Educational policies;
(8) Preservation and development of the cultural heritage; and
(9) Such other matters as may be authorized by law for the promotion of the general welfare of the people of the region.
SECTION 21. The preservation of peace and order within the regions shall be the responsibility of the local police agencies which shall be organized, maintained, supervised, and utilized in accordance with applicable laws. The defense and security of the regions shall be the responsibility of the National Government.

Draft Article XI
Federated Regions and the
Autonomous Federated Regions
of Bangsamoro and the Cordilleras

Draft Article XII
Distribution of Powers of the Government

Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
SECTION 1. The Federal Government shall have exclusive power over:	SECTION 1. The Federal Government shall have exclusive power over:	SECTION 1. The Federal Government shall have exclusive power over:
(a) Defense, security of land, sea, and air territory	(a) Defense, security of land, sea, and air territory;	(a) Defense, security of land, sea, and air territory;
(b) Foreign affairs	(b) Foreign affairs;	(b) Foreign affairs;
(c) International trade	(c) International trade;	(c) International trade;
	(d) Customs and tariffs;	(d) Customs and tariffs;
(d) Citizenship, immigration and naturalization	(e) Citizenship, immigration and naturalization;	(e) Citizenship, immigration and naturalization;
	(f) National socio-economic planning;	(f) National socio-economic planning;
(e) Monetary policy and federal fiscal policy, banking, currency	(g) Monetary policy and federal fiscal policy, banking, currency;	(g) Monetary policy and federal fiscal policy, banking, currency;
(f) Elections	(v) Elections.	(v) Elections.
	(h) Competition and competition regulation bodies;	(h) Competition and competition regulation bodies;
(g) Inter-regional infrastructure and public utilities, including telecommunications and broadband networks	(i) Inter-regional infrastructure and public utilities, including telecommunications and broadband networks;	(i) Inter-regional infrastructure and public utilities, including telecommunications and broadband networks;
(h) Federal crimes and justice system	(q) Federal crimes and justice system;	(q) Federal crimes and justice system;
(i) Civil, family, property, and commercial laws, except as may be otherwise provided for in this Constitution	(s) Civil, family, property, and commercial laws, except as may be otherwise provided for in the Constitution;	(s) Civil, family, property, and commercial laws, except as may be otherwise provided for in the Constitution;
(j) Customs and tariffs
(k) Postal service	(j) Postal service;	(j) Postal service;
(l) Intellectual property	(u) Intellectual property; and	(u) Intellectual property; and
(m) Regulation and licensing of professions	(o) Regulation and licensing of professions;	(o) Regulation and licensing of professions;
(n) Law and order	(r) Law and order;	(r) Law and order;
(o) Prosecution of graft and corruption cases	(t) Prosecution of graft and corruption cases;	(t) Prosecution of graft and corruption cases;
(p) Competition and competition regulation bodies
(q) Promotion and protection of human rights	(l) Promotion and protection of human rights;	(l) Promotion and protection of human rights;
(r) National socio-economic planning
	(m) Basic education;	(m) Basic education;
(s) Science and technology	(n) Science and technology;	(n) Science and technology;
(t) Social security benefits	(p) Social security benefits;	(p) Social security benefits;
(u) Time regulation, standards of weights and measures	(k) Time regulation, standards of weights and measures;	(k) Time regulation, standards of weights and measures;
SECTION 2. Within their regional territory, the Federated Regions shall have exclusive power over:	SECTION 2. Within their regional territory, the Federated Region shall have exclusive power over:	SECTION 2. Within their regional territory, the Federated Region shall have exclusive power over:
(a) Infrastructure, public utilities and public works	(e) Infrastructure, public utilities and public works;	(e) Infrastructure, public utilities and public works;
(b) Socio-economic development planning	(a) Socio-economic development planning;	(a) Socio-economic development planning;
(c) Parks and recreation	(o) Parks and recreation.	(o) Parks and recreation.
(d) Financial administration and management	(c) Financial administration and management;	(c) Financial administration and management;
(e) Business permits and licenses	(j) Business permits and licenses;	(j) Business permits and licenses;
(f) Tourism, investment, and trade development	(d) Tourism, investment, and trade development;	(d) Tourism, investment, and trade development;
(g) Economic zones	(f) Economic zones;	(f) Economic zones;
(h) Creation of sources of revenue	(b) Creation of sources of revenue;	(b) Creation of sources of revenue;
(i) Local government units	(i) Local government units;	(i) Local government units;
(j) Municipal waters	(k) Municipal waters;	(k) Municipal waters;
(k) Culture and language development	(m) Culture and language development;	(m) Culture and language development;
(l) Land use and housing	(g) Land use and housing;	(g) Land use and housing;
(m) Sports development	(n) Sports development; and	(n) Sports development; and
(n) Indigenous peoples’ rights and welfare	(l) Indigenous peoples’ rights and welfare;	(l) Indigenous peoples’ rights and welfare;
(o) Justice system	(h) Justice system;	(h) Justice system;
SECTION 3. Powers which are given to the exclusion of other political authorities are exclusive powers. Exclusive powers are given to the Federal Government and Federated Regions.	SECTION 3. Powers which are given to the exclusion of other political authorities are exclusive powers. Exclusive powers are given to the Federal Government and the Federated Regions.	SECTION 3. Powers which are given to the exclusion of other political authorities are exclusive powers. Exclusive powers are given to the Federal Government and the Federated Regions.
SECTION 4. Powers not exclusively given to either the Federal Government or to the Federated Regions are shared powers. They fall within the relative competencies of the Federal Government and the Federated Regions and can be exercised jointly or separately. In case of dispute or conflict in their exercise, the federal power shall prevail.	SECTION 4. Powers not exclusively given to either the Federal Government or to the Federated Regions are shared powers. They fall within the relative competencies of the Federal Government and the Regional Government and can be exercised jointly or separately. In case of dispute or conflict in their exercise, the federal power shall prevail.	SECTION 4. Powers not exclusively given to either the Federal Government or to the Federated Regions are shared powers. They fall within the relative competencies of the Federal Government and the Regional Government and can be exercised jointly or separately. In case of dispute or conflict in their exercise, the federal power shall prevail.
SECTION 5. Powers which are not exclusively given to the Federal Government or to the Federated Regions nor shared by them and not prohibited by the constitution are reserved powers.	SECTION 5. Powers which are not exclusively given to the Federal Government or to the Federated Regions nor shared by them and not prohibited by the Constitution are reserved powers.	SECTION 5. Powers which are not exclusively given to the Federal Government or to the Federated Regions nor shared by them and not prohibited by the Constitution are reserved powers.
Reserved powers shall be vested in the Federal Government.	Reserved powers shall be vested in the Federal Government.	Reserved powers shall be vested in the Federal Government.

Draft Article XIII
Fiscal Powers and Financial Administration

Accountability of Public Officers

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
Article XI	Article XIV	Article XIV	Article XIV
SECTION 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.	SECTION 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.	SECTION 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.	SECTION 1. Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives.
SECTION 2. The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Supreme Court, the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, and the Ombudsman may be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.	SECTION 2. The President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Federal Supreme Court, Federal Constitutional Court, Federal Administrative Court, Federal Electoral Court, and the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, may be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law but not by impeachment.	SECTION 2. The President, the Vice President, the Members of the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Electoral Court, and the Members of the Constitutional Commissions may be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.	SECTION 2. The President, the Vice President, the Members of the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Electoral Court, and the Members of the Constitutional Commissions may be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of public trust. All other public officers and employees may be removed from office as provided by law, but not by impeachment.
SECTION 3.	SECTION 3. There shall be a Joint Impeachment Committee to be created by Congress.	SECTION 3. There shall be a Joint Impeachment Committee to be created by the Congress.	SECTION 3. There shall be a Joint Impeachment Committee to be created by the Congress.
(1) The House of Representatives shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment.
	(a) Upon its convening, the Congress shall constitute a Joint Impeachment Committee to be composed of the President of the Senate and twelve Members from each house. The Senate President shall act as its Presiding Officer and shall not vote except to break a tie.	(a) Upon its convening, the Congress shall constitute a Joint Impeachment Committee to be composed of the President of the Senate and twelve (12) Members from each House. The Senate President shall act as its Presiding Officer but shall not vote except to break a tie.	(a) Upon its convening, the Congress shall constitute a Joint Impeachment Committee to be composed of the President of the Senate and twelve (12) Members from each House. The Senate President shall act as its Presiding Officer but shall not vote except to break a tie.
	(b) The Members of the Committee shall be elected by each house on the basis of proportional representation of the political parties in each house.	(b) The Members of the Committee shall be elected by each House on the basis of proportional representation of the political parties in each House.	(b) The Members of the Committee shall be elected by each House on the basis of proportional representation of the political parties in each House.
	(c) The Committee shall be organized in accordance with the rules promulgated by each House. The Committee shall promulgate its own rules and procedures.	(c) The Committee shall be organized in accordance with the rules promulgated by each House. The Committee shall promulgate its own rules and procedures.	(c) The Committee shall be organized in accordance with the rules promulgated by each House. The Committee shall promulgate its own rules and procedures.
(2) A verified complaint for impeachment may be filed by any Member of the House of Representatives or by any citizen upon a resolution of endorsement by any Member thereof, which shall be included in the Order of Business within ten session days, and referred to the proper Committee within three session days thereafter. The Committee, after hearing, and by a majority vote of all its Members, shall submit its report to the House within sixty session days from such referral, together with the corresponding resolution. The resolution shall be calendared for consideration by the House within ten session days from receipt thereof.	(d) Any impeachment complaint shall be filed directly with the Committee, which shall determine whether the complaint is sufficient in form and substance.	(d) Any impeachment complaint shall be filed directly with the Committee, which shall determine whether the complaint is sufficient in form and substance.	(d) Any impeachment complaint shall be filed directly with the Committee, which shall determine whether the complaint is sufficient in form and substance.
	(e) Upon finding that the complaint is sufficient in form and substance, the Committee shall determine the existence of probable cause.	(e) Upon finding that the complaint is sufficient in form and substance, the Committee shall determine the existence of probable cause.	(e) Upon finding that the complaint is sufficient in form and substance, the Committee shall determine the existence of probable cause.
(3) A vote of at least one-third of all the Members of the House shall be necessary either to affirm a favorable resolution with the Articles of Impeachment of the Committee, or override its contrary resolution. The vote of each Member shall be recorded.	(f) If by majority vote, the Committee finds probable cause, it shall issue an indictment resolution together with the Articles of Impeachment and file it before the Federal Constitutional Court or the Federal Administrative Court, as the case may be.	(f) If by majority vote, the Committee finds probable cause, it shall issue an indictment resolution together with the Articles of Impeachment and file them before the Federal Constitutional Court or the Federal Administrative Court, as the case may be.	(f) If by majority vote, the Committee finds probable cause, it shall issue an indictment resolution together with the Articles of Impeachment and file them before the Federal Constitutional Court or the Federal Administrative Court, as the case may be.
(4) In case the verified complaint or resolution of impeachment is filed by at least one-third of all the Members of the House, the same shall constitute the Articles of Impeachment, and trial by the Senate shall forthwith proceed.
(5) No impeachment proceedings shall be initiated against the same official more than once within a period of one year.
(6) The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of impeachment. When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.
(7) Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office under the Republic of the Philippines, but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to prosecution, trial, and punishment according to law.
(8) The Congress shall promulgate its rules on impeachment to effectively carry out the purpose of this section.
SECTION 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.			SECTION 4. The present anti-graft court known as the Sandiganbayan shall continue to function and exercise its jurisdiction as now or hereafter may be provided by law.
SECTION 5. There is hereby created the independent Office of the Ombudsman, composed of the Ombudsman to be known as Tanodbayan, one overall Deputy and at least one Deputy each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. A separate Deputy for the military establishment may likewise be appointed.	Superseded by Federal Ombudsman Commission
SECTION 6. The officials and employees of the Office of the Ombudsman, other than the Deputies, shall be appointed by the Ombudsman according to the Civil Service Law.
SECTION 7. The existing Tanodbayan shall hereafter be known as the Office of the Special Prosecutor. It shall continue to function and exercise its powers as now or hereafter may be provided by law, except those conferred on the Office of the Ombudsman created under this Constitution.
SECTION 8. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, and at the time of their appointment, at least forty years old, of recognized probity and independence, and members of the Philippine Bar, and must not have been candidates for any elective office in the immediately preceding election. The Ombudsman must have for ten years or more been a judge or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines.
During their tenure, they shall be subject to the same disqualifications and prohibitions as provided for in Section 2 of Article IX-A of this Constitution.
SECTION 9. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall be appointed by the President from a list of at least six nominees prepared by the Judicial and Bar Council, and from a list of three nominees for every vacancy thereafter. Such appointments shall require no confirmation. All vacancies shall be filled within three months after they occur.
SECTION 10. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall have the rank of Chairman and Members, respectively, of the Constitutional Commissions, and they shall receive the same salary, which shall not be decreased during their term of office.
SECTION 11. The Ombudsman and his Deputies shall serve for a term of seven years without reappointment. They shall not be qualified to run for any office in the election immediately succeeding their cessation from office.
SECTION 12. The Ombudsman and his Deputies, as protectors of the people, shall act promptly on complaints filed in any form or manner against public officials or employees of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, including government-owned or controlled corporations, and shall, in appropriate cases, notify the complainants of the action taken and the result thereof.
SECTION 13. The Office of the Ombudsman shall have the following powers, functions, and duties:
(1) Investigate on its own, or on complaint by any person, any act or omission of any public official, employee, office or agency, when such act or omission appears to be illegal, unjust, improper, or inefficient.
(2) Direct, upon complaint or at its own instance, any public official or employee of the Government, or any subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof, as well as of any government- owned or controlled corporation with original charter, to perform and expedite any act or duty required by law, or to stop, prevent, and correct any abuse or impropriety in the performance of duties.
(3) Direct the officer concerned to take appropriate action against a public official or employee at fault, and recommend his removal, suspension, demotion, fine, censure, or prosecution, and ensure compliance therewith.
(4) Direct the officer concerned, in any appropriate case, and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law, to furnish it with copies of documents relating to contracts or transactions entered into by his office involving the disbursement or use of public funds or properties, and report any irregularity to the Commission on Audit for appropriate action.
(5) Request any government agency for assistance and information necessary in the discharge of its responsibilities, and to examine, if necessary, pertinent records and documents.
(6) Publicize matters covered by its investigation when circumstances so warrant and with due prudence.
(7) Determine the causes of inefficiency, red tape, mismanagement, fraud, and corruption in the Government and make recommendations for their elimination and the observance of high standards of ethics and efficiency.
(8) Promulgate its rules of procedure and exercise such other powers or perform such functions or duties as may be provided by law.
SECTION 14. The Office of the Ombudsman shall enjoy fiscal autonomy. Its approved annual appropriations shall be automatically and regularly released.
SECTION 15. The right of the State to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.	SECTION 4. The right of the Federal Republic to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.	SECTION 4. The right of the Federal Republic to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.	SECTION 5. The right of the Federal Republic to recover properties unlawfully acquired by public officials or employees, from them or from their nominees or transferees, shall not be barred by prescription, laches, or estoppel.
SECTION 16. No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or financial institution to the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, and the Constitutional Commissions, the Ombudsman, or to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest, during their tenure.	SECTION 5. No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or financial institution to the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, Federal Constitutional Court, Federal Administrative Court, Federal Electoral Court, and the Constitutional Commissions, or to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest during their tenure.	SECTION 5. No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or financial institution to the President, the Vice President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Electoral Court, and the Constitutional Commissions, or to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest during their tenure.	SECTION 6. No loan, guaranty, or other form of financial accommodation for any business purpose may be granted, directly or indirectly, by any government-owned or controlled bank or financial institution to the President, the Vice President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Electoral Court, and the Constitutional Commissions, or to any firm or entity in which they have controlling interest during their tenure.
SECTION 17. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Supreme Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other constitutional offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.	SECTION 6. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the President, the Vice-President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, Federal Constitutional Court, Federal Administrative Court, Federal Electoral Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other Constitutional Offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.	SECTION 6. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the President, the Vice President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Electoral Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other Constitutional Offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.	SECTION 7. A public officer or employee shall, upon assumption of office and as often thereafter as may be required by law, submit a declaration under oath of his assets, liabilities, and net worth. In the case of the President, the Vice President, the Members of the Cabinet, the Congress, the Federal Supreme Court, the Federal Constitutional Court, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Electoral Court, the Constitutional Commissions and other Constitutional Offices, and officers of the armed forces with general or flag rank, the declaration shall be disclosed to the public in the manner provided by law.
SECTION 18. Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution allegiance at all times, and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.	SECTION 7. Public officers and employees owe the State and this Constitution perpetual allegiance, and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.	SECTION 7. Public officers and employees owe the State and the Constitution perpetual allegiance, and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.	SECTION 8. Public officers and employees owe the State and the Constitution perpetual allegiance, and any public officer or employee who seeks to change his citizenship or acquire the status of an immigrant of another country during his tenure shall be dealt with by law.

National Economy and Patrimony

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
Article XIII	Article XVI	Article XVI	Article XVI
	SECTION 1.	SECTION 1.	SECTION 1.
SECTION 1. The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.	(a) The Federal Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.	The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.	The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect and enhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and political inequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political power for the common good.
To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.	(b) To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.	To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.	To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership, use, and disposition of property and its increments.
SECTION 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.	SECTION 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.	SECTION 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.	SECTION 2. The promotion of social justice shall include the commitment to create economic opportunities based on freedom of initiative and self-reliance.
Labor	SECTION 3.	SECTION 3.	SECTION 3.
SECTION 3. The State shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.	(a) The Federal Republic shall protect the rights of labor, particularly the right to just and living wages, security of employment, organization, and redress of grievances.	(a) The Federal Republic shall protect the rights of labor, particularly the right to just and living wages, security of employment, organization, and redress of grievances.	(a) The Federal Republic shall afford full protection to labor, local and overseas, organized and unorganized, and promote full employment and equality of employment opportunities for all.
It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, and a living wage. They shall also participate in policy and decision-making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.

	(b) No person shall be denied employment by reason of age, gender, political or religious belief, ethnicity, status, physical appearance or disability, and other conditions that amount to discrimination.	(b) No person shall be denied employment by reason of age, gender, political or religious belief, ethnicity, status, physical appearance or disability, and other conditions that amount to discrimination.	No person shall be denied employment by reason of age, gender, political or religious belief, ethnicity, status, physical appearance or disability, or other conditions that amount to discrimination.
	(c) In all enterprises, industries and work opportunities, citizens of the Philippines shall be given employment preference when they possess the necessary qualifications.	(c) In all enterprises, industries, and work opportunities, citizens of the Philippines shall be given employment preference when they possess the necessary qualifications.	(b) It shall guarantee the rights of all workers to self-organization, collective bargaining and negotiations, and peaceful concerted activities, including the right to strike in accordance with law. They shall be entitled to security of tenure, humane conditions of work, a just and living wage, and redress of grievances. They shall also participate in policy and decision- making processes affecting their rights and benefits as may be provided by law.
The State shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.			(c) The Federal Republic shall promote the principle of shared responsibility between workers and employers and the preferential use of voluntary modes in settling disputes, including conciliation, and shall enforce their mutual compliance therewith to foster industrial peace.
The State shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns on investments, and to expansion and growth.			(d) The Federal Republic shall regulate the relations between workers and employers, recognizing the right of labor to its just share in the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns to investments, and to expansion and growth.
	(d) Citizens of the Philippines working overseas shall be protected by the Federal Republic against inhumane treatment by their employers. Those under investigation, or trial for commission of a crime shall be provided legal representation to ensure the protection of their rights.	(d) Citizens of the Philippines working overseas shall be protected by the Federal Republic against inhumane treatment by their employers. Those under investigation, or trial for commission of a crime shall be provided legal representation to ensure the protection of their rights.	(e) The Federal Republic shall protect citizens of the Philippines working overseas against inhumane treatment by their employers. Those under investigation, or trial for commission of a crime shall be provided legal representation to ensure the protection of their rights.
	(e) The Federal Republic shall promote employment opportunities, and pursue the economic goal of full-employment. Persons with disability shall be provided opportunities for gainful employment and the private sector shall be given incentives to employ them.	(e) The Federal Republic shall promote employment opportunities, and pursue the economic goal of full employment. Persons with disability shall be provided opportunities for gainful employment and the private sector shall be given incentives to employ them.	(f) The Federal Republic shall promote employment opportunities, and pursue the economic goal of full employment. In all enterprises, industries, and work opportunities, citizens of the Philippines shall be given employment preference when they possess the necessary qualifications. Further, persons with disability shall be provided opportunities for gainful employment and the private sector shall be given incentives to employ them.
Agrarian and Natural Resources Reform		AGRARIAN REFORM AND NATURAL RESOURCES	AGRARIAN REFORM AND NATURAL RESOURCES
	SECTION 4.	SECTION 4.	SECTION 4.
SECTION 4. The State shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.	(a) The Federal Republic shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.	(a) The Federal Republic shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.	(a) The Federal Republic shall, by law, undertake an agrarian reform program founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right of small landowners. The State shall further provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.
	(b) All farmers and fisher folks have the right to a just share in the fruits of their labor, to be provided comprehensive financial and technical support, including technology and research, and to the preferential use and access to the natural resources of the Philippines.	(b) All farmers and fisher folks have the right to a just share in the fruits of their labor, to be provided comprehensive financial and technical support, including technology and research, and to the preferential use and access to the natural resources of the Philippines.	(b) All farmers and fisher folks have the right to a just share in the fruits of their labor, to be provided comprehensive financial and technical support, including technology and research, and to the preferential use and access to the natural resources of the Philippines.
	(c) The State encourages the establishment of cooperative farm and fishing communities and shall supply, as far as practicable, the necessary support and empowerment to such entities.	(c) The State encourages the establishment of cooperative farm and fishing communities and shall supply, as far as practicable, the necessary support and empowerment to such entities.	(c) The State encourages the establishment of cooperative farm and fishing communities and shall supply, as far as practicable, the necessary support and empowerment to such entities.
SECTION 5. The State shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives, and other independent farmers’ organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services.	SECTION 5. The Federal Republic shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives, and other independent farmers’ organizations to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services.	SECTION 5. The Federal Republic shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives and other independent farmers’ organizations, to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services.	SECTION 5. The Federal Republic shall recognize the right of farmers, farmworkers, and landowners, as well as cooperatives and other independent farmers’ organizations, to participate in the planning, organization, and management of the program, and shall provide support to agriculture through appropriate technology and research, and adequate financial, production, marketing, and other support services.
	SECTION 6.
SECTION 6. The State shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands.	(a) The Federal Republic shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous communities to their ancestral lands.	SECTION 6. The Federal Republic shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral lands.	SECTION 6. The Federal Republic shall apply the principles of agrarian reform or stewardship, whenever applicable in accordance with law, in the disposition or utilization of other natural resources, including lands of the public domain under lease or concession suitable to agriculture, subject to prior rights, homestead rights of small settlers, and the rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral lands.
The State may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law.	(b) The Federal Republic may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law.	The Federal Republic may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law.	The Federal Republic may resettle landless farmers and farmworkers in its own agricultural estates which shall be distributed to them in the manner provided by law.
SECTION 7. The State shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of local marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other services. The State shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fishworkers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.	SECTION 7. The Federal Republic shall protect the rights of subsistence fishermen, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of local marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fishermen through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other services. The Federal Republic shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fishermen against foreign intrusion. Fish workers shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.	SECTION 7. The Federal Republic shall protect the rights of subsistence fisherfolk, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of local marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fisherfolk through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other services. The Federal Republic shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fisherfolk against foreign intrusion. Fisherfolk shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.	SECTION 7. The Federal Republic shall protect the rights of subsistence fisherfolk, especially of local communities, to the preferential use of local marine and fishing resources, both inland and offshore. It shall provide support to such fisherfolk through appropriate technology and research, adequate financial, production, and marketing assistance, and other services. The Federal Republic shall also protect, develop, and conserve such resources. The protection shall extend to offshore fishing grounds of subsistence fisherfolk against foreign intrusion. Fisherfolk shall receive a just share from their labor in the utilization of marine and fishing resources.
SECTION 8. The State shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.	SECTION 8. The Federal Republic shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.	SECTION 8. The Federal Republic shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.	SECTION 8. The Federal Republic shall provide incentives to landowners to invest the proceeds of the agrarian reform program to promote industrialization, employment creation, and privatization of public sector enterprises. Financial instruments used as payment for their lands shall be honored as equity in enterprises of their choice.
Urban Land Reform and Housing		URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING	URBAN LAND REFORM AND HOUSING
SECTION 9. The State shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the public sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlements areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program the State shall respect the rights of small property owners.	SECTION 9. The Federal Republic shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the public sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlements areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program the State shall respect the rights of small property owners.	SECTION 9. The Federal Republic shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the public sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlements areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program, it shall respect the rights of small property owners.	SECTION 9. The Federal Republic shall, by law, and for the common good, undertake, in cooperation with the public sector, a continuing program of urban land reform and housing which will make available at affordable cost decent housing and basic services to underprivileged and homeless citizens in urban centers and resettlements areas. It shall also promote adequate employment opportunities to such citizens. In the implementation of such program, it shall respect the rights of small property owners.
	SECTION 10.
SECTION 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.	(a) Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.	SECTION 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.	SECTION 10. Urban or rural poor dwellers shall not be evicted nor their dwellings demolished, except in accordance with law and in a just and humane manner.
No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the communities where they are to be relocated.	(b) No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the communities where they are to be relocated.	No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the communities where they are to be relocated.	No resettlement of urban or rural dwellers shall be undertaken without adequate consultation with them and the communities where they are to be relocated.
Health		HEALTH	HEALTH
SECTION 11. The State shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development which shall endeavor to make essential goods, health and other social services available to all the people at affordable cost. There shall be priority for the needs of the underprivileged sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The State shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.	SECTION 11. The Federal Republic shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development and make universal health care available. Priority shall be given to the needs of the underprivileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The Federal Republic and its Federated Regions shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.	SECTION 11. The Federal Republic shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development and make universal health care available. Priority shall be given to the needs of the underprivileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The Federal Republic and its Federated Regions shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.	SECTION 11. The Federal Republic shall adopt an integrated and comprehensive approach to health development and make universal health care available. Priority shall be given to the needs of the underprivileged, sick, elderly, disabled, women, and children. The Federal Republic and its Federated Regions shall endeavor to provide free medical care to paupers.
SECTION 12. The State shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system and undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country’s health needs and problems.	SECTION 12. The Federal Republic shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system, and undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country’s health needs and problems.	SECTION 12. The Federal Republic shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system, and undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country’s health needs and problems.	SECTION 12. The Federal Republic shall establish and maintain an effective food and drug regulatory system, and undertake appropriate health manpower development and research, responsive to the country’s health needs and problems.
SECTION 13. The State shall establish a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.	SECTION 13. The Federal Republic shall maintain a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.	SECTION 13. The Federal Republic shall maintain a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.	SECTION 13. The Federal Republic shall maintain a special agency for disabled persons for rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance, and their integration into the mainstream of society.
Women		WOMEN	WOMEN
SECTION 14. The State shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.	SECTION 14. The Federal Republic shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.	SECTION 14. The Federal Republic shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.	SECTION 14. The Federal Republic shall protect working women by providing safe and healthful working conditions, taking into account their maternal functions, and such facilities and opportunities that will enhance their welfare and enable them to realize their full potential in the service of the nation.
Role and Rights of People’s Organizations		ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS	ROLE AND RIGHTS OF PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATIONS
SECTION 15. The State shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to enable the people to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.	(a) The Federal Republic shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to enable the people to exercise their right to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.	SECTION 15. (a) The Federal Republic shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to enable the people to exercise their right to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.	SECTION 15. (a) The Federal Republic shall respect the role of independent people’s organizations to enable the people to exercise their right to pursue and protect, within the democratic framework, their legitimate and collective interests and aspirations through peaceful and lawful means.
People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.	(c) People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.	(c) People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.	(c) People’s organizations are bona fide associations of citizens with demonstrated capacity to promote the public interest and with identifiable leadership, membership, and structure.
SECTION 16. The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The State shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.	(b) The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The Federal Republic shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.	(b) The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The Federal Republic shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.	(b) The right of the people and their organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social, political, and economic decision-making shall not be abridged. The Federal Republic shall, by law, facilitate the establishment of adequate consultation mechanisms.
Human Rights
SECTION 17.
(1) There is hereby created an independent office called the Commission on Human Rights.	Superseded by Federal Commission on Human Rights
(2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four Members who must be natural- born citizens of the Philippines and a majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. The term of office and other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of the Commission shall be provided by law.
(3) Until this Commission is constituted, the existing Presidential Committee on Human Rights shall continue to exercise its present functions and powers.
(4) The approved annual appropriations of the Commission shall be automatically and regularly released.
SECTION 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the following powers and functions:
(1) Investigate, on its own or on complaint by any party, all forms of human rights violations involving civil and political rights;
(2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the Rules of Court;
(3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of human rights of all persons within the Philippines, as well as Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human rights have been violated or need protection;
(4) Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities;
(5) Establish a continuing program of research, education, and information to enhance respect for the primacy of human rights;
(6) Recommend to the Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for compensation to victims of violations of human rights, or their families;
(7) Monitor the Philippine Government’s compliance with international treaty obligations on human rights;
(8) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any investigation conducted by it or under its authority;
(9) Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of its functions;
(10) Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law; and
(11) Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law.
SECTION 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should fall within the authority of the Commission, taking into account its recommendations.

Article XIV
Education, Science and Technology,
Arts, Culture, and Sports

Article XV
The Family

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
	Article XVIII	Article XVIII	Article XVIII
SECTION 1. The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.	SECTION 1. The Federal Republic recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.	SECTION 1. The Federal Republic recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.	SECTION 1. The Federal Republic recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
SECTION 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the State.	SECTION 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the Federal Republic.	SECTION 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the Federal Republic.	SECTION 2. Marriage, as an inviolable social institution, is the foundation of the family and shall be protected by the Federal Republic.
SECTION 3. The State shall defend:	SECTION 3. The Federal Republic shall defend:	SECTION 3. The Federal Republic shall defend:	SECTION 3. The Federal Republic shall defend:
(1) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood;	(a) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood;	(a) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood;	(a) The right of spouses to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood;
(2) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development;	(b) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development;	(b) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development;	(b) The right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and special protection from all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development;
(3) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and	(c) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and	(c) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and	(c) The right of the family to a family living wage and income; and
(4) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and programs that affect them.	(d) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and programs that affect them.	(d) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and programs that affect them.	(d) The right of families or family associations to participate in the planning and implementation of policies and programs that affect them.
SECTION 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members but the State may also do so through just programs of social security.	SECTION 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly members, but the Federal Republic may also do so through just programs of social security.	SECTION 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly or vulnerable members, but the Federal Republic may also do so through just programs of social security.	SECTION 4. The family has the duty to care for its elderly or vulnerable members, but the Federal Republic may also do so through just programs of social security.

Article XVI
General Provisions

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
SECTION 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law.		SECTION 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law.	SECTION 1. The flag of the Philippines shall be red, white, and blue, with a sun and three stars, as consecrated and honored by the people and recognized by law.
SECTION 2. The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum.		SECTION 2. The Federal Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect upon its ratification by majority of the votes cast in every region in a national referendum.	SECTION 2. The Federal Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall all be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect upon its ratification by majority of the votes cast in every region in a national referendum.
SECTION 3. The State may not be sued without its consent.		SECTION 3. The Federal Republic may not be sued without its consent.	SECTION 3. The Federal Republic may not be sued without its consent.
SECTION 4. The Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be composed of a citizen armed force which shall undergo military training and serve, as may be provided by law. It shall keep a regular force necessary for the security of the State.
		SECTION 4. In case any region fails to comply with its obligation, as provided for in the Constitution, which seriously undermines the sovereignty, territorial integrity, economy, or the unity of the Federal Republic, the President may intervene and take all measures necessary and proper to address the failure. Within thirty (30) days from the intervention, the President shall report to Congress the actions taken. Congress may take appropriate action on the report by a majority vote of its members voting jointly. If necessary, Congress may authorize the President to take further actions until the crisis is resolved.	SECTION 4. In case any region fails to comply with its obligation, as provided for in the Constitution, which seriously undermines the sovereignty, territorial integrity, economy, or the unity of the Federal Republic, the President may intervene and take all measures necessary and proper to address the failure. Within thirty (30) days from the intervention, the President shall report to Congress the actions taken. Congress may take appropriate action on the report by a majority vote of its members voting jointly. If necessary, Congress may authorize the President to take further actions until the crisis is resolved.
		SECTION 5. Congress may, by law, provide for the inclusion and governance of other territories which, by the freely adopted decision of a majority of its inhabitants, come to be part of the Federal Republic.	SECTION 5. Congress may, by law, provide for the inclusion and governance of other territories which, by the freely adopted decision of a majority of its inhabitants, come to be part of the Federal Republic.
		SECTION 6. The Federal Republic shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or hazardous products.	SECTION 6. The Federal Republic shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or hazardous products.
SECTION 5.
(1) All members of the armed forces shall take an oath or affirmation to uphold and defend this Constitution.
(2) The State shall strengthen the patriotic spirit and nationalist consciousness of the military, and respect for people’s rights in the performance of their duty.
(3) Professionalism in the armed forces and adequate remuneration and benefits of its members shall be a prime concern of the State. The armed forces shall be insulated from partisan politics.
No member of the military shall engage directly or indirectly in any partisan political activity, except to vote.
(4) No member of the armed forces in the active service shall, at any time, be appointed or designated in any capacity to a civilian position in the Government including government-owned or controlled corporations or any of their subsidiaries.
(5) Laws on retirement of military officers shall not allow extension of their service.
(6) The officers and men of the regular force of the armed forces shall be recruited proportionately from all provinces and cities as far as practicable.
(7) The tour of duty of the Chief of Staff of the armed forces shall not exceed three years. However, in times of war or other national emergency declared by the Congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.
SECTION 6. The State shall establish and maintain one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by a national police commission. The authority of local executives over the police units in their jurisdiction shall be provided by law.		See National Security and Public Order, Section 3.	See National Security and Public Order, Section 3.
SECTION 7. The State shall provide immediate and adequate care, benefits, and other forms of assistance to war veterans and veterans of military campaigns, their surviving spouses and orphans. Funds shall be provided therefor and due consideration shall be given them in the disposition of agricultural lands of the public domain and, in appropriate cases, in the utilization of natural resources.
SECTION 8. The State shall, from time to time, review to upgrade the pensions and other benefits due to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.		SECTION 7. The Federal Republic shall regularly review and adjust, as may be justified by the circumstances, the pensions, and other benefits due to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.	SECTION 7. The Federal Republic shall regularly review and adjust, as may be justified by the circumstances, the pensions, and other benefits due to retirees of both the government and the private sectors.
SECTION 9. The State shall protect consumers from trade malpractices and from substandard or hazardous products.
SECTION 10. The State shall provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press.		SECTION 8. The Federal Republic shall provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press.	SECTION 8. The Federal Republic shall provide the policy environment for the full development of Filipino capability and the emergence of communication structures suitable to the needs and aspirations of the nation and the balanced flow of information into, out of, and across the country, in accordance with a policy that respects the freedom of speech and of the press.
SECTION 11.	See Article XV, Section 12	See Section 12, in National Economy and Patrimony.	See Section 12, in National Economy and Patrimony.
(1) The ownership and management of mass media shall be limited to citizens of the Philippines, or to corporations, cooperatives or associations, wholly-owned and managed by such citizens.
The Congress shall regulate or prohibit monopolies in commercial mass media when the public interest so requires. No combinations in restraint of trade or unfair competition therein shall be allowed.
(2) The advertising industry is impressed with public interest, and shall be regulated by law for the protection of consumers and the promotion of the general welfare.
Only Filipino citizens or corporations or associations at least seventy per centum of the capital of which is owned by such citizens shall be allowed to engage in the advertising industry.
The participation of foreign investors in the governing body of entities in such industry shall be limited to their proportionate share in the capital thereof, and all the executive and managing officers of such entities must be citizens of the Philippines.
SECTION 12. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous cultural communities, the majority of the members of which shall come from such communities.		SECTION 9. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous peoples, the majority of the members of which shall come from such communities.	SECTION 9. The Congress may create a consultative body to advise the President on policies affecting indigenous peoples, the majority of the members of which shall come from such communities.

Article XVII
Amendments or Revisions

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
SECTION 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:	SECTION 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution may be proposed by:	SECTION 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, the Constitution may be proposed by:	SECTION 1. Any amendment to, or revision of, the Constitution may be proposed by:
	(a) People’s Initiative;	(a) People’s initiative;	(a) People’s initiative;
(1) The Congress, upon a vote of three-fourths of all its Members; or	(b) The Federal Congress, upon a vote of three fourths (3/4) of all its members voting separately; or	(b) The Federal Congress, upon a vote of three fourths (3/4) of all its members voting separately; or	(b) The Federal Congress, upon a vote of three fourths (3/4) of all its members voting separately; or
(2) A constitutional convention.	(c) The Congress, by a vote of two-thirds (2/3) of all its members, voting separately, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority votes of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.	(c) A constitutional convention.	(c) A constitutional convention.
SECTION 2. Amendments to this Constitution may likewise be directly proposed by the people through initiative upon a petition of at least twelve per centum of the total number of registered voters, of which every legislative district must be represented by at least three per centum of the registered voters therein. No amendment under this section shall be authorized within five years following the ratification of this Constitution nor oftener than once every five years thereafter.	SECTION 2. The exercise of People’s Initiative shall be provided for by Article VI of this Constitution.	SECTION 2. The exercise of people’s initiative shall be as provided for by Article VI of the Constitution.	SECTION 2. The exercise of people’s initiative shall be as provided for by Article VI of the Constitution.
	SECTION 3. The democratic and republican character of the government, its federal structure, its indissolubility and permanence shall not be subject to amendments or revisions.	SECTION 4. The democratic and republican character of the government, its federal structure, its indissolubility and permanence shall not be subject to amendments or revisions.	SECTION 4. The democratic and republican character of the government, its federal structure, its indissolubility and permanence shall not be subject to amendments or revisions.
The Congress shall provide for the implementation of the exercise of this right.
SECTION 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of all its Members, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority vote of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.		SECTION 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds (2/3) of all its members voting separately, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority votes of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.	SECTION 3. The Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds (2/3) of all its members voting separately, call a constitutional convention, or by a majority votes of all its Members, submit to the electorate the question of calling such a convention.
SECTION 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution under Section 1 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the approval of such amendment or revision.	SECTION 4. Any amendment to, or revision of, this Constitution shall be valid when ratified by a majority of votes cast in each Federated Region, including the Federated Cordillera Region and the Bangsamoro, in a plebiscite called for the purpose.	SECTION 5. Any amendment to, or revision of, the Constitution shall be valid when ratified by a majority of votes cast in each Federated Region, including the Federated Region of the Cordilleras and the Bangsamoro, in a plebiscite called for the purpose.	SECTION 5. Any amendment to, or revision of, the Constitution shall be valid when ratified by a majority of votes cast in each Federated Region, including the Federated Region of the Cordilleras and the Bangsamoro, in a plebiscite called for the purpose.
Any amendment under Section 2 hereof shall be valid when ratified by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite which shall be held not earlier than sixty days nor later than ninety days after the certification by the Commission on Elections of the sufficiency of the petition.	SECTION 5. No amendment or revision shall be allowed within five (5) years from the ratification of this Constitution. Thereafter, no amendment or revision shall be allowed within five (5) years from the conduct of a plebiscite to amend or revise the Constitution.	SECTION 6. No amendment or revision shall be allowed within five (5) years from the ratification of the Constitution. Thereafter, no amendment or revision shall be allowed within five (5) years from the conduct of a plebiscite to amend or revise the Constitution.	SECTION 6. No amendment or revision shall be allowed within five (5) years from the ratification of the Constitution. Thereafter, no amendment or revision shall be allowed within five (5) years from the conduct of a plebiscite to amend or revise the Constitution.

New: Article XIX
National Security and Public Order

Transitory Provisions

1987 Constitution	Draft Provisions 27 June 2018	ConCom Draft 9 July 2018	ConCom Final Draft
Article XVIII	Article XXI	Article XXII	Article XXII
SECTION 1. The first elections of Members of the Congress under this Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of May, 1987.	SECTION 1.	SECTION 1.	SECTION 1. The term of the President and the Vice President, which shall end on June 30, 2022, shall not be extended.
			SECTION 2. The incumbent President is prohibited from running as President in the 2022 elections under the Constitution.
			SECTION 3. Within six (6) months from ratification of the Constitution, the President shall call for an election for the Transition President and Vice-President in tandem. The Transition President and Vice President shall possess the same qualifications and be subject to the same restrictions as provided in Article VIII of this Constitution. Congress shall, by law, provide for the conduct of the election and appropriate funds for the purpose.
			SECTION 4. The Transition President shall preside over the orderly transition to the Federal System of Government. He shall exercise all the powers of the President under this Constitution until June 30, 2022.
			SECTION 5. The Transition President and Vice President shall be ineligible to run for any public office in the May 2022 elections.
			SECTION 6.
The first local elections shall be held on a date to be determined by the President, which may be simultaneous with the election of the Members of the Congress. It shall include the election of all Members of the city or municipal councils in the Metropolitan Manila area.	(a) For an orderly transition to the new system of government as provided for in this Constitution, there shall be created a Federal Transition Commission which shall convene within five (5) days from the ratification of this Constitution, composed of the following members:	(a) For an orderly transition to the new system of government as provided for in the Constitution, there shall be created a Federal Transition Commission, composed of the following members:	(a) For an orderly transition to the new system of government as provided for in the Constitution, there shall be created a Federal Transition Commission, composed of the following:
SECTION 2. The Senators, Members of the House of Representatives, and the local officials first elected under this Constitution shall serve until noon of June 30, 1992.	1. The President, who shall be the Federal Transition Commission Chairman;	1) The President, who shall be the Federal Transition Commission Chairman; and	1) the Transition President as Chairman;
Of the Senators elected in the election of 1992, the first twelve obtaining the highest number of votes shall serve for six years and the remaining twelve for three years.	2. Ten (10) members who are natural-born citizens of the Philippines, at least forty (40) years of age, and with proven probity, integrity, independence, and expertise in the fields of economy, law, fiscal management, governance or development.	2) Ten (10) members who are natural-born citizens of the Philippines, at least forty (40) years of age, and with proven probity, integrity, independence, and expertise in the fields of economy, law, fiscal management, governance, or development.	2) ten (10) regular members who must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines, at least forty (40) years of age, with proven competence, probity, integrity, and independence, and expertise in the fields of economics, law, fiscal management, governance, or development, and who shall be appointed by the Transition President; and
			3) the Transition Vice President, the Senate President, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and all living past Presidents as ex-officio members.
SECTION 3. All existing laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, letters of instructions, and other executive issuances not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative until amended, repealed, or revoked.	(b) There shall be a search committee to be headed by the Chairperson of the Federal Civil Service Commission, and four (4) other members representing the academe, business, marginalized sectors, and women. The President shall appoint the members of the committee. The committee shall search, screen, and recommend members of the Federal Transition Commission. The President shall appoint the members of the Federal Transition Commission from the list submitted by the search committee.	(b) There shall be a search committee to be headed by the Chairperson of the Federal Civil Service Commission, and four (4) other members representing the academe, business, marginalized sectors, and women. The President shall appoint the members of the committee. The committee shall search, screen, and recommend to the President members of the Federal Transition Commission within thirty (30) days. The President shall appoint the members of the Federal Transition Commission.
SECTION 4. All existing treaties or international agreements which have not been ratified shall not be renewed or extended without the concurrence of at least two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.	(c) The Federal Transition Commission shall promulgate its own rules of procedure within fifteen (15) days from the date it is convened.	(c) The Federal Transition Commission shall convene within five (5) days from their constitution and promulgate its own rules of procedure.	(b) The Federal Transition Commission shall convene within ten (10) days from the appointment of its members and promulgate its own rules of procedure.
SECTION 5. The six-year term of the incumbent President and Vice-President elected in the February 7, 1986 election is, for purposes of synchronization of elections, hereby extended to noon of June 30, 1992.	(d) The Federal Transition Commission shall have the power to establish its office, appoint and hire its own officials and employees as it may be necessary.	(d) The Federal Transition Commission shall have the power to establish its office, appoint and hire its own officials and employees, as may be necessary.	(c) The Federal Transition Commission shall have the power to establish its office, appoint and hire its own officials and employees, as may be necessary.
The first regular elections for the President and Vice-President under this Constitution shall be held on the second Monday of May, 1992.	(e) The initial budget of the Federal Transition Commission shall be taken from the contingent fund of the Office of the President and from the savings of the Executive department. Its budget for the succeeding years shall be included in the budget of the Office of the President.	(e) The initial budget of the Federal Transition Commission shall be taken from the contingent fund of the Office of the President and from the savings of the Executive Department. Its budget for the succeeding years shall be included in the budget of the Office of the President.	(d) The initial budget of the Federal Transition Commission shall be taken from the contingent fund of the Office of the President and from the savings of the Executive Department. Its budget for the succeeding years shall be included in the budget of the Office of the President.
SECTION 6. The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until the first Congress is convened.	(f) All the living past Presidents may be consulted by the Transition Commission.	(f) All the living past Presidents may be consulted by the Transition Commission.
SECTION 7. Until a law is passed, the President may fill by appointment from a list of nominees by the respective sectors the seats reserved for sectoral representation in paragraph (2), Section 5 of Article VI of this Constitution.	(g) The Federal Transition Commission shall complete its mandate by June 30, 2022.	(g) The Federal Transition Commission shall complete its mandate by June 30, 2022.	(e) The Federal Transition Commission shall complete its mandate and shall cease to exist by June 30, 2022. The new President shall complete the transition process to the federal system.
			(f) Members of the Transition Commission shall be ineligible to run for public office in the May 2022 election.
SECTION 8. Until otherwise provided by the Congress, the President may constitute the Metropolitan Authority to be composed of the heads of all local government units comprising the Metropolitan Manila area.	SECTION 2. The Federal Transition Commission shall have the following powers and duties:	SECTION 2. The Federal Transition Commission shall have the following powers and duties:	SECTION 7. The Federal Transition Commission shall have the following powers and duties:
SECTION 9. A sub-province shall continue to exist and operate until it is converted into a regular province or until its component municipalities are reverted to the mother province.	(a) To formulate and adopt a transition plan for the orderly shift to the new system of government as provided for in this Constitution. The transition plan shall be published in the Official Gazette and in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation, and any digital platform chosen by the Transition Commission;	(a) To formulate and adopt a transition plan for the orderly shift to the new system of government as provided for in the Constitution. The transition plan shall be published in the Official Gazette, in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation, and any digital platform chosen by the Transition Commission;	(a) To formulate a transition plan for the orderly shift to the new system of government as provided for in the Constitution. The transition plan shall be published in the Official Gazette, in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation, and any digital platform chosen by the Transition Commission;
SECTION 10. All courts existing at the time of the ratification of this Constitution shall continue to exercise their jurisdiction, until otherwise provided by law. The provisions of the existing Rules of Court, judiciary acts, and procedural laws not inconsistent with this Constitution shall remain operative unless amended or repealed by the Supreme Court or the Congress.	(b) For the proper execution of the transition plan, it shall promulgate the necessary rules, regulations, orders, decrees, proclamations, and other issuances, do all acts to implement the same, and resolve all issues and disputes that may arise therefrom;	(b) For the proper execution of the transition plan, it shall promulgate the necessary rules, regulations, orders, decrees, proclamations, and other issuances, do all acts to implement the same, and resolve all issues and disputes that may arise therefrom;	(b) For the proper execution of the transition plan, it shall promulgate the necessary rules, regulations, orders, proclamations, and other issuances, do all acts to implement the same, and resolve all issues and disputes that may arise therefrom;
SECTION 11. The incumbent Members of the Judiciary shall continue in office until they reach the age of seventy years or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or are removed for cause.	(c) To organize, reorganize and fully establish the Federal Government and the governments of the Federated Regions, in accordance with this Constitution;	(c) To organize, reorganize, and fully establish the Federal Government and the governments of the Federated Regions, in accordance with the Constitution; and	(c) To organize, reorganize, and fully establish the Federal Government and the governments of the Federated Regions until 2022, in accordance with the Constitution; and
SECTION 12. The Supreme Court shall, within one year after the ratification of this Constitution, adopt a systematic plan to expedite the decision or resolution of cases or matters pending in the Supreme Court or the lower courts prior to the effectivity of this Constitution. A similar plan shall be adopted for all special courts and quasi-judicial bodies.	(d) To exercise all powers necessary and proper to ensure a smooth, speedy and successful transition.	(d) To exercise all powers necessary and proper to ensure a smooth, speedy, and successful transition.	(d) To exercise all powers necessary and proper to ensure a smooth, speedy, and successful transition.
SECTION 13. The legal effect of the lapse, before the ratification of this Constitution, of the applicable period for the decision or resolution of the cases or matters submitted for adjudication by the courts, shall be determined by the Supreme Court as soon as practicable.	SECTION 3. The transition plan shall include the following:	SECTION 3. The transition plan shall include the following:	SECTION 8. The transition plan shall include the following:
SECTION 14. The provisions of paragraphs (3) and (4), Section 15 of Article VIII of this Constitution shall apply to cases or matters filed before the ratification of this Constitution, when the applicable period lapses after such ratification.	(a) The respective transition plans for the different branches of the Federal Government, the independent Constitutional Bodies, the Federated Regions and other component units;	(a) The respective transition plans for the different branches of the Federal Government, the independent Constitutional Commissions, the Federated Regions, and other component units;	(a) The respective transition plans for the different branches of the Federal Government, the independent Constitutional Commissions, the Federated Regions, and other component units;
SECTION 15. The incumbent Members of the Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections, and the Commission on Audit shall continue in office for one year after the ratification of this Constitution, unless they are sooner removed for cause or become incapacitated to discharge the duties of their office or appointed to a new term thereunder. In no case shall any Member serve longer than seven years including service before the ratification of this Constitution.	(b) The fiscal management and administration plan including, but not limited to, generation of revenue and resources and their appropriation, allocation, and expenditure;	(b) The fiscal management and administration plan including, but not limited to, generation of revenue and resources and their appropriation, allocation, and expenditure; and	(b) The fiscal management and administration plan including, but not limited to, generation of revenue and resources and their appropriation, allocation, and expenditure; and
SECTION 16. Career civil service employees separated from the service not for cause but as a result of the reorganization pursuant to Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 and the reorganization following the ratification of this Constitution shall be entitled to appropriate separation pay and to retirement and other benefits accruing to them under the laws of general application in force at the time of their separation. In lieu thereof, at the option of the employees, they may be considered for employment in the Government or in any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries. This provision also applies to career officers whose resignation, tendered in line with the existing policy, had been accepted.	(c) The establishment of mechanisms for people’s participation in the transition.	(c) The establishment of mechanisms for people’s participation in the transition.	(c) The establishment of mechanisms for people’s participation in the transition.
SECTION 17. Until the Congress provides otherwise, the President shall receive an annual salary of three hundred thousand pesos; the Vice-President, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, two hundred forty thousand pesos each; the Senators, the Members of the House of Representatives, the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, and the Chairmen of the Constitutional Commissions, two hundred four thousand pesos each; and the Members of the Constitutional Commissions, one hundred eighty thousand pesos each.	SECTION 4. The Federal Transition Commission shall ensure people’s participation by involving faith-based, civil society, indigenous peoples, sectoral, non-government and other community based organizations in the transition, especially in the selection and screening of appointees to the new government.	SECTION 4. The Federal Transition Commission shall ensure people’s participation by involving faith-based, civil society, indigenous peoples, sectoral, non-government, and other community-based organizations in the transition, especially in the selection and screening of appointees to the new government.	SECTION 9. The Federal Transition Commission shall ensure people’s participation by involving faith-based, civil society, indigenous peoples, sectoral, non-government, and other community-based organizations in the transition, especially in the selection and screening of appointees to the new government.
SECTION 18. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall increase the salary scales of the other officials and employees of the National Government.	SECTION 5. The first national, regional and local elections under this Federal Constitution to elect the President, Vice President, Regional Senators, District Representative, Proportional Party Representative, regional and local officials shall be on the 2nd Monday of May 2022. They shall assume office at noon on June 30, 2022.	SECTION 5. The first national, regional and local elections under the Constitution to elect the President, Vice President, Regional Senators, District Representatives, Proportional Party Representatives, regional and local officials shall be on the 2nd Monday of May 2022. They shall assume office at noon on June 30, 2022.	SECTION 10. The first national, regional and local elections under the Constitution to elect the President, Vice President, Regional Senators, District Representatives, Proportional Party Representatives, regional and local officials shall be on the 2nd Monday of May 2022. They shall assume office at noon on June 30, 2022.
SECTION 19. All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any office or body abolished or reorganized under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 or this Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain.	SECTION 6. The term of the President and Vice-President, which shall end on June 30, 2022, shall not be extended.	SECTION 6. The term of the President and Vice President, which shall end on June 30, 2022, shall not be extended.
SECTION 20. The first Congress shall give priority to the determination of the period for the full implementation of free public secondary education.	SECTION 7. All laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, rules, regulations, letters of instructions, and other executive and judicial issuances not inconsistent with this Federal Constitution shall remain valid until amended or repealed.	SECTION 7. All laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, rules, regulations, letters of instructions, and other executive and judicial issuances not inconsistent with the Constitution shall remain valid until amended or repealed.	SECTION 11. All laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, rules, regulations, letters of instructions, and other executive and judicial issuances not inconsistent with the Constitution shall remain valid until amended or repealed.
SECTION 21. The Congress shall provide efficacious procedures and adequate remedies for the reversion to the State of all lands of the public domain and real rights connected therewith which were acquired in violation of the Constitution or the public land laws, or through corrupt practices. No transfer or disposition of such lands or real rights shall be allowed until after the lapse of one year from the ratification of this Constitution.	SECTION 8. All officials of the government under the 1987 Constitution shall continue to hold their office and exercise their respective powers and duties under such terms and conditions as may be provided in the transition plan.	SECTION 8. All officials of the government under the 1987 Constitution shall continue to hold their office and exercise their respective powers and duties under such terms and conditions as may be provided in the transition plan.	SECTION 12. All officials of the government under the 1987 Constitution shall continue to hold office unless removed by reason of reorganization in accordance with the transition plan.
SECTION 22. At the earliest possible time, the Government shall expropriate idle or abandoned agricultural lands as may be defined by law, for distribution to the beneficiaries of the agrarian reform program.	SECTION 9. Permanent employees of the government separated from service as a result of the reorganization of government shall be entitled to separation pay, early retirement pay or retirement pay, or other appropriate benefits accruing to them under existing laws. In lieu thereof, at the option of the employees, they may be considered for employment in the Federal Government, the Regional Government or in any of its subdivisions, instrumentalities, or agencies, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries in accordance with the existing civil service laws, the corporate charters of these corporations, and other relevant statutes.	SECTION 9. Permanent employees of the government separated from service as a result of the reorganization of government shall be entitled to separation pay, early retirement pay, or retirement pay, or other appropriate benefits accruing to them under existing laws. In lieu thereof, at the option of the employees, they may be considered for employment in the Federal Government, the Regional Government, or in any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries in accordance with the existing civil service laws, the corporate charters of these corporations, and other relevant statutes.	SECTION 13. Permanent employees of the government separated from service as a result of the reorganization of government shall be entitled to separation pay, early retirement pay, or retirement pay, or other appropriate benefits accruing to them under existing laws. In lieu thereof, at the option of the employees, they may be considered for employment in the Federal Government, the Regional Government, or in any of its subdivisions, agencies, or instrumentalities, including government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries in accordance with the existing civil service laws, the corporate charters of these corporations, and other relevant statutes.
			SECTION 14. Temporary employees in government service shall be given such benefits as may be provided in the transition plan.
SECTION 23. Advertising entities affected by paragraph (2), Section 11 of Article XVI of this Constitution shall have five years from its ratification to comply on a graduated and proportionate basis with the minimum Filipino ownership requirement therein.	SECTION 10. All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any office or body abolished or reorganized under this Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain.	SECTION 10. All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any office or body abolished or reorganized under the Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain.	SECTION 15. All properties, records, equipment, buildings, facilities, and other assets of any office or body abolished or reorganized under the Constitution shall be transferred to the office or body to which its powers, functions, and responsibilities substantially pertain.
SECTION 24. Private armies and other armed groups not recognized by duly constituted authority shall be dismantled. All paramilitary forces including Civilian Home Defense Forces not consistent with the citizen armed force established in this Constitution, shall be dissolved or, where appropriate, converted into the regular force.
SECTION 25. After the expiration in 1991 of the Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America concerning Military Bases, foreign military bases, troops, or facilities shall not be allowed in the Philippines except under a treaty duly concurred in by the Senate and, when the Congress so requires, ratified by a majority of the votes cast by the people in a national referendum held for that purpose, and recognized as a treaty by the other contracting State.
SECTION 26. The authority to issue sequestration or freeze orders under Proclamation No. 3 dated March 25, 1986 in relation to the recovery of ill-gotten wealth shall remain operative for not more than eighteen months after the ratification of this Constitution. However, in the national interest, as certified by the President, the Congress may extend said period.
A sequestration or freeze order shall be issued only upon showing of a prima facie case. The order and the list of the sequestered or frozen properties shall forthwith be registered with the proper court. For orders issued before the ratification of this Constitution, the corresponding judicial action or proceeding shall be filed within six months from its ratification. For those issued after such ratification, the judicial action or proceeding shall be commenced within six months from the issuance thereof.
The sequestration or freeze order is deemed automatically lifted if no judicial action or proceeding is commenced as herein provided.
SECTION 27. This Constitution shall take effect immediately upon its ratification by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite held for the purpose and shall supersede all previous Constitutions.
Ratified: February 2, 1987

The Consultative Committee to Review the 1987 Constitution

Chairman – Chief Justice Reynato S. Puno (Ret.)
Mr. Arthur N. Aguilar
Atty. Susan Ubalde-Ordinario
Prof. Eddie Mapag Alih
Atty. Randolph C. Parcasio
Fr. Ranhilio C. Aquino
Sen. Aquilino Quilinging Pimentel Jr.
Atty. Antonio B. Arellano
Associate Justice Bienvenido L. Reyes (Ret.)
Atty. Ali Pangalian M. Balindong
Commodore Rex C. Robles (Ret.)
Dr. Virgilio C. Bautista
Atty. Rodolfo D. Robles
Atty. Ferdinand M. Bocobo
Atty. Victor S. de la Serna
Atty. Reuben R. Canoy
Prof. Edmund S. Tayao
Atty. Roan I. Libarios
Prof. Julio C. Teehankee
Atty. Jose Martin A. Loon
Atty. Laurence B. Wacnang
Associate Justice Antonio Eduardo B. Nachura (Ret.)
Attested and Certified by Committee Secretary Atty. Gideon V. Mortel

Sources:

The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, The Official Gazette
Rappler, Highlights of the Consultative Committee’s Draft Constitution

Available Formats

Preamble

Article I National Territory

Article II Declaration of Principles and State Policies

Article III Bill of Rights

Article IV Citizenship

Article V Suffrage

New Article: People’s Initiative, Plebiscite, and Referendum

The Legislative Department

Executive Department

Judicial Department

Constitutional Commissions

Article X Local Government

Draft Article XI Federated Regions and the Autonomous Federated Regions of Bangsamoro and the Cordilleras

Draft Article XII Distribution of Powers of the Government

Draft Article XIII Fiscal Powers and Financial Administration